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7m.cn bioA proposed lectin‐mediated mechanism to explain the in Vivo antihyperglycemic activity of γ‐conglutin from Lupinus albus seeds

Goldstein et al. () defined lectin as a “protein or glycoprotein of non‐immune origin (thus excluding immunoglobulins) which bind in a stable manner (thus excluding enzymes and carbohydrate sensor/transport proteins) to carbohydrates.” Plant lectins exert a vast panel of bioactivities (Ribeiro et al., . Lupinus albus is a legume whose seeds contain reserve proteins exhibiting an array of bioactivities as wide as insecticide, fungicide (Monteiro et al., ), anticancer (Oliveira et al., ), and hypoglycemic (Fornasini et al., ; González‐Santiago et al., ; Magni et al., ; Terruzzi et al., ). Some of these proteins are lectins, with γ‐conglutin and BLAD (Ribeiro et al., ) as examples. Regarding human health benefits, the antitumor activity of many lectins is one of the most studied effects (Oliveira et al., ); however, γ‐conglutin has been reported to exert hypoglycemic action (Capraro et al., ; Lovati et al., ).γ‐Conglutin is a glycoprotein, with galactose‐specific lectin activity, characteristic of Lupinus seeds, with a molecular weight between 37 and 42 kDa, composed of two polypeptide chains each one with some isoforms, and with a basic pI around 8.0 for larger polypeptide and a pI around 6.0 for the smaller polypeptide (Ribeiro et al., ).γ‐Conglutin has been studied regarding its classification as a seed reserve protein (Duranti & Scarafoni, ), its structure, and its biological activity in vivo (Sandoval‐Muñíz et al., ; Scarafoni et al., ), where it is described as having hypoglycemic activity but with no consensus about of its mechanism of action. In in vitro models, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity via glucose reuptake increase by HepG2 cells, with internalization and multiple phosphorylation (Capraro et al., ; Lovati et al., ), insulin binding (Magni et al., ), increased glucose transport GLUT4 translocation in C2C12 myoblastic cells (Terruzzi et al., ), and also lowered glucose levels in in vivo hyperglycemic rat models (Magni et al., ) and animal models with impaired glucose metabolism (insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes model) (González‐Santiago et al., ).There are many gaps in the knowledge of the hypoglycemic mechanism exhibited by γ‐conglutin in type 2 diabetes……